中国鲤科鱼类分类专家系统的研究

采用ＴｕｒｂｏＰＲＯＬＯＧ语言,研究并设计出中国鲤科鱼类的分类专家系统,并完成了该系统中知识库的表达及推理机的设计工作。     

开放核心群育种体系(ONBS)研究 Ⅴ.家禽ONBS的育种效果: 血液遗传标记监测

从血型因子频率和蛋白（酶）多态遗传监测了开放核心群育种体系培育工业化蛋鸡品系的效果．结果表明,培育育种过程中,各品系遗传结构没有发生显著变化,ＯＮＢＳ可以缓冲育种中突出的遗传抽样所导致的抽样偏差问题,因此引进鸡优秀的遗传背景仍被培育后的群体所维系．Ｃ系的基因频率与Ａ,Ｂ,Ｄ系均存在显著的差异性,说明该鸡祖代四系中Ｃ系有其遗传特殊性．     

Parallels and potentials in animal and human ethnomedical technique

In all cultures, ethnomedical practices are largely the same for animals and people, whether in mode of administration of materia medica, in the materials themselves, or in surgical, mechanical, behavioral, medico-religious, and other realms. Below, parallels between veterinary and human ethnomedical techniques are outlined. Taken together, they suggest that a number of benefits could be gained by closer collaboration between veterinary and human medicine in the delivery of basic healthcare information and services.     

Local food policy coalitions: Evaluation issues as seen by academics, project organizers, and funders

Several different evaluation issuesare perceived as important by people involved withinnovative projects intended to improve local food andnutrition systems; particularly the establishment oflocal food policy coalitions. Several such coalitionshave been formed in North America, Europe, andAustralia with the goal of improving community foodsecurity and promoting sustainable local food systems.Pioneer coalitions have served as models, yet therehas been little systematic evaluation of thesemodels. A qualitative study was conducted to identifyfactors that may hinder evaluation efforts. In grouptelephone interviews, we sought the views ofacademics, project organizers, and funders, a total of24 key informants. Pressures to evaluate were assessed differently bythe three groups of key informants. Academics felt thefocus of evaluation should be on the effectiveness ofthe process used to discuss issues and formulatepolicies and plans. Project organizers and fundersperceived a need to assess project impact andoutcomes. A lack of suitable evaluation models andmethods was viewed as a formidable barrier. The use ofinappropriate methods and premature impact evaluationwere noted as potential threats to projectsustainability. External constraints and resourcelimitations were also said to inhibit evaluationefforts. It appears that several other factors may also beimpeding progress in conducting more (and more useful)evaluations including: (1) the apparent negativeconnotation of evaluation and the limited benefitsexpected from evaluation by stakeholders, (2) a lackof consensus about important evaluation questions,(3) insufficient evaluation expertise among projectorganizers, and (4) inadequate appreciation ofincreasing accountability pressures.     

The economics of sutchi catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) aquaculture under three different farming systems in rural Bangladesh

This paper examines production costs and returns of sutchi catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) aquaculture under three different farming systems in Bangladesh. Based on the production technology, sutchi catfish farming is classified as extensive, semi‐intensive and intensive. Results showed that sutchi catfish farming is profitable irrespective of the level of intensification and in all three instances the cost of feed dominated the variable costs of production. The average annual production costs were estimated at US$5217 ha^?1 in intensive farming, while US$2694 ha^?1 in semi‐intensive and US$981 ha^?1 in extensive farming. Despite the higher production costs per hectare, the average annual net return was higher in intensive farming (US$3364), compared with semi‐intensive (US$2048) and extensive (US$1099) farming. The average annual production per hectare under intensive farming conditions (13 945 kg) was higher than semi‐intensive (7705 kg) and extensive (3380 kg) farming mainly due to higher levels of inputs, including seed, feed, fertilizer and labour. However, the Cobb–Douglas production function model suggests that inputs are inefficiently used in the intensive farming system. Conversely, there is enough scope to increase the production and income from the semi‐intensive and extensive farming systems by using more inputs.     

Global fishery dynamics are poorly predicted by classical models

Fisheries dynamics can be thought of as the reciprocal relationship between an exploited population and the fishers and/or managers determining the exploitation patterns. Sustainable production of protein of these coupled human‐natural systems requires an understanding of their dynamics. Here, we characterized the fishery dynamics for 173 fisheries from around the globe by applying general additive models to estimated fishing mortality and spawning biomass from the RAM Legacy Database. GAMs specified to mimic production models and more flexible GAMs were applied. We show observed dynamics do not always match assumptions made in management using “classical” fisheries models, and the suitability of these assumptions varies significantly according to large marine ecosystem, habitat, variability in recruitment, maximum weight of a species and minimum observed stock biomass. These results identify circumstances in which simple models may be useful for management. However, adding flexibility to classical models often did not substantially improve performance, which suggests in many cases considering only biomass and removals will not be sufficient to model fishery dynamics. Knowledge of the suitability of common assumptions in management should be used in selecting modelling frameworks, setting management targets, testing management strategies and developing tools to manage data‐limited fisheries. Effectively balancing expectations of future protein production from capture fisheries and risk of undesirable outcomes (e.g., “fisheries collapse”) depends on understanding how well we can expect to predict future dynamics of a fishery using current management paradigms.     

Seasonal changes in a deep‐water fish assemblage in response to monsoon‐generated upwelling events

The coastal shelf of the Gulf of Oman experiences periodic upwelling events during the summer months that are driven by the southwest monsoon. It is unclear what role these events play in the spatial and temporal distribution of the region’s fish assemblage. We carried out trials on two different video techniques to characterize the habitat and fish assemblage along the continental shelf margin near Muscat, Oman. Exploratory surveys with a drift stereo‐video revealed three main habitat types: Sand, Reef and Megabenthos. Three areas were chosen for additional sampling using stereo‐BRUVS (‘baited’ remote underwater‐video systems). On two separate occasions (November 2005 and March 2006) replicate stereo‐BRUVS were deployed in each area stratified by the main habitat types. For each teleost and elasmobranch species encountered on the video, an estimate of total body length and the relative abundance (MaxN_i) was made. The stereo‐BRUVS recorded a wide range of demersal and pelagic teleosts including species of conservation interest such as sharks, rays and groupers. The drift stereo‐video recorded significantly fewer species than the stereo‐BRUVS (N = 15 versus N = 43). Species diversity from the stereo‐BRUVS increased by 96% in March 2006 (N = 41) compared to November 2005 (N = 23), a pattern consistent at all three areas. The structure of the overall fish assemblage (using canonical analysis of principal coordinates analysis) was highly variable both in time and space. There was ample evidence of strong habitat associations, particularly with depth and seasonal shifts in abundance and diversity. We argue the upward migration of oxygen‐depleted water into the shallow depths during the late monsoon displaces the demersal fish community along this coast.     

A Kind of Fuzzy System Modelling and Control Based on Neural Networks

Combining artificial neural networks(ANN) with fuzzy system theory,a kind of modelling & control method of fuzzy system based on ANN is presented.The simulation researches have verified that the proposed approach can be applied effectively to a number of control systems which are defficult to build strict mathematical model.     

脂肪和蛋白质营养对工业化养殖大西洋鲑相关代谢酶和生长基因表达的影响

为探究主要脂肪和蛋白质水平对工业化养殖大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)成鱼脂肪相关代谢酶和生长相关基因表达的影响,本实验采用3×2双因素随机实验设计,设置3个脂肪水平:18%、21%、24%(分别以F18、F21、F24表示),2个蛋白质水平:38%、48%(分别以P38、P48表示)。组合为6个实验处理组,每组3个重复,每重复40尾鱼。实验在室内封闭循环水养殖系统中进行,实验鱼初始体重(650.0±45.50)g,实验期56 d。结果表明:(1)工业化养殖实验鱼的脂肪需求较国外深海网箱养殖明显降低,蛋白质需求相近。P48F21组增重率显著最佳,较其他各组提高22.23%~125.86%(P0.05);P48F24组饲料系数显著最低,较其他各组降低16.24%~30.00%(P0.05)。(2)单因素高脂肪显著提高肝体比(P0.05),高蛋白极显著降低肥满度(P0.01);P48F24组肝体比较其他各组显著提高10.92%~28.16%(P0.05),P48F18组肥满度较其他各组显著降低10.24%~12.31%(P0.05);并创新提出了600~900 g大西洋鲑形体营养调控初步方案。(3)单因素高、中脂肪显著提高肝脂肪分解酶(HL、LPL和总酯酶)活力,高蛋白显著提高LPL和总酯酶活力;P48F21和P48F24组饲粮显著提高肝脂肪分解酶活力,其中LPL活力比P38F18组分别提高46.51%、48.84%(P0.05)。实验处理主要对肝脂肪分解酶产生作用,显现了两组优良饲粮改善生长性能的脂肪生理代谢机制。(4)单因素中脂肪极显著增加肌肉和肝IGF-I基因表达量(P0.01);高蛋白极显著增加肌肉GH、IGF-I及肝IGF-I基因表达量(P0.01);GHR基因表达量,随脂肪或蛋白水平升高均有显著下降特征(P0.05)。P48F21和P48F24组试鱼肌肉GH、IGF-I及肝IGF-I基因表达量显著提高(P0.05),肌肉和肝GHR基因表达量显著降低(P0.05)。初步的新发现是,GH和IGF-I与GHR存在相互制约的负相关内在调控关系,以自身控制鱼类生长和生殖活动处于相对稳定和可控状态下。本研究初步确定,P48F21和P48F24组是工业化养殖大西洋鲑成鱼的主要营养素优良组合饲粮,其中以显著降低脂肪水平和饲料成本的P48F21组合饲粮更佳。     

Performance characteristics of fluidised bed biofilters in a novel laboratory-scale recirculation system for rainbow trout: nitrification rates, oxygen consumption and sludge collection

A laboratory-scale recirculating aquaculture system for fluidised bed biofilter evaluation was engineered. The design included all components found in typical full-scale commercial production systems. The system included two identical units each with oxygenation, UV treatment, cooling, biofiltration and a particulates separation device. Water from the two systems was mixed in a degassing unit. A 1 month test period after biofilter maturation revealed stable concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite and nitrate within the system. Mean nitrification rate was 0.27 and 0.21 g TAN m⁻² day⁻¹. Oxygen consumption in the biofilters ranged between 56 and 64% due to nitrifying activity. Mass balances on nitrogen indicated that 48%, added via the feed, was converted to nitrate within the system, with 6% of the added nitrogen being found in the sludge. The remaining 43% was either used during fish growth, left the system, as organic nitrogenous compounds (or unidentified nitrogenous compounds), via the outlet, or was lost to the atmosphere. At least 61% of the nitrate produced was generated by the biofilters. The system proved to be an exceptional set-up for evaluation of the performance of fluidised bed biofilters, allowing both pre- and post-filter measurements of various water quality criteria.